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Biomechanics of the Knee Joint

Understanding the Function & Movement of Your Knee

Introduction to Knee Biomechanics

The knee joint is one of the most complex and largest joints in the human body, playing a crucial role in movement, stability, and weight-bearing activities. It is a hinge joint that allows flexion and extension, with a small degree of rotation and sliding motion to ensure smooth movement.

Understanding the biomechanics of the knee helps in diagnosing injuries, optimizing rehabilitation, and improving surgical techniques such as Total Knee Replacement (TKR), High Tibial Osteotomy (HTO), and Ligament Reconstructions.

Anatomy of the Knee Joint

  • Femur (Thigh Bone)
  • Tibia (Shin Bone)
  • Patella (Kneecap)

Movements of the Knee Joint

Flexion & Extension (Bending & Straightening)
  • The primary movement of the knee, controlled by the quadriceps and hamstrings.
  • Range of motion: 0° (fully extended) to 135° (fully bent).
Medial & Lateral Rotation (Internal & External Rotation)
  • Occurs when the knee is partially flexed.
  • Helps adjust foot positioning and maintain stability.
Gliding & Rolling Motion
  • Prevents excessive stress on the joint by distributing forces evenly.
  • Important for activities like walking, running, and squatting.
Patellar Tracking Movement
  • The patella (kneecap) moves up and down in the femoral groove during knee motion.
  • Ensures proper force transmission and reduces friction.
Forces Acting on the Knee Joint
  • Compression Forces – Body weight and muscle activity create high pressure on knee surfaces, especially during walking, running, or jumping.
  • Shear Forces – Act parallel to the joint, influencing ligament stability.
  • Torsional Forces – Rotational movements that can cause ligament injuries.
  • Ground Reaction Forces – External forces exerted by the ground while walking or standing.
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