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Knee Anatomy

Structure & Function of the Knee

Introduction

The knee is one of the largest and most complex joints in the human body. It plays a crucial role in movement, stability, and weight-bearing activities. Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles, the knee allows flexion, extension, and slight rotational movements. Understanding its anatomy helps diagnose and treat knee-related issues effectively.

Bones of the Knee​
  • Femur (Thigh Bone) – The longest and strongest bone, forming the upper part of the knee joint.
  • Tibia (Shin Bone) – The main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg, forming the lower part of the knee joint.
  • Patella (Kneecap) – A small, triangular bone that protects the front of the knee and enhances movement efficiency.
Cartilage of the Knee
  • Articular Cartilage – A smooth, slippery layer covering the ends of bones to allow smooth motion.
  • Meniscus – Two C-shaped cartilage structures (medial & lateral menisci) that act as shock absorbers between the femur and tibia.
Ligaments of the Knee
  • Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) – Prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia.
  • Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) – Prevents excessive backward movement of the tibia.
  • Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) – Supports the inner knee and prevents inward collapse.
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) – Supports the outer knee and prevents outward collapse.
Knee Movements & Function
  • Flexion – Bending the knee (e.g., squatting).
  • Extension – Straightening the knee (e.g., kicking a ball).
  • Rotation – Slight inward and outward rotation during movement.
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