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Clinical Examination of the Knee

Assessing Knee Stability & Function

Introduction

A comprehensive clinical examination of the knee is essential for diagnosing injuries, identifying structural abnormalities, and evaluating joint function. This assessment includes patient history, inspection, palpation, range of motion testing, special tests, and functional evaluation.

Patient History & Symptoms
  • Onset of pain (sudden or gradual)
  • Nature of pain (sharp, dull, or aching)
  • Swelling and stiffness
  • Recent trauma or injury history
  • Previous knee surgeries or conditions
  • Impact on daily activities like walking, climbing stairs, or running
Visual Inspection & Palpation
  • Inspection: Look for swelling, redness, deformities, and muscle atrophy.
  • Palpation: Feel for tenderness, warmth, or fluid buildup around the knee joint.
Range of Motion (ROM) Testing
  • Flexion: Normal range: ~135°
  • Extension: Normal range: 0°
  • Hyperextension: Mild hyperextension (5-10°) may be normal in some individuals.
Functional & Weight-Bearing Tests
  • Single-Leg Squat Test – Evaluates joint stability and strength.
  • Gait Analysis – Identifies abnormal walking patterns.
  • Step-Down Test – Detects weaknesses in knee control during motion.
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